Vem gifte sig med Napoleon Bonaparte?

Uppslagsorden "Napoleon", "Bonaparte" och "Napoleon Bonaparte" leder hit. För andra betydelser, se Napoleon (olika betydelser), Bonaparte (olika betydelser) eller Napoleon Bonaparte (olika betydelser).

Napoleon Bonaparte (fr. Napoléon Bonaparte, franska: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]), född som Napoleone di Buonaparte, italienska: [napoleˈoːne di ˌbwɔnaˈparte], men tog namnet Napoleon I under sin regeringstid som kejsare av Frankrike), född 15 augusti 1769 i Ajaccio på Korsika, död 5 maj 1821 på Sankta Helena i Sydatlanten, var Frankrikes kejsare från 18 maj 1804 till 6 april 1814 och återigen (under de hundra dagarna) från 20 mars till 22 juni 1815.

Som överbefälhavare för den franska militärmakten erövrade och härskade han över större delen av västra och centrala Europa och innehade ett par år även makten i Egypten. Det misslyckade fälttåget mot Ryssland försvagade sedan hans position, vilket så småningom ledde till det slutgiltiga nederlaget vid slaget vid Waterloo och hans fall. Sedan Napoleon förlorat slaget i Waterloo blev han avsatt och förvisad till den isolerade ön Sankta Helena mitt ute på Atlanten. Där dog han sex år senare.

Få personer i historien har blivit mer omtalade och föremål för forskning än Napoleon. Hans historiska betydelse är omdiskuterad. De olika synsätten på honom har ofta skapat debatt och oenighet. I Frankrike betraktas han av många som en nationalhjälte. Han framhävs först och främst som en stor fältherre och militär strateg, medan andra ser honom mer som en politiker och reformator. Av andra betraktas han som en stor tyrann. Napoleon är begravd i Hôtel des Invalides i Paris.

Läs mer...

Joséphine Bonaparte (French: [ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I and as such Empress of the French from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also Queen of Italy from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as Joséphine de Beauharnais (French: [ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ]) or Empress Joséphine.

Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of Emperor Napoleon III of France and Empress Amélie of Brazil. Members of the current royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Norway and the grand ducal family of Luxembourg also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married Marie Louise of Austria. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.

A patron of art, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and empire style at the Château de Malmaison. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its rose garden, which she supervised closely.

Läs mer...

Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Theresia Josepha Lucia; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death in 1847. She was Napoleon's second wife and as such Empress of the French and Queen of Italy from their marriage on 2 April 1810 until his abdication on 6 April 1814.

As the eldest child of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period marked by ongoing and unceasing conflict between Austria and revolutionary France. A series of military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire. The end of the War of the Fifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of peace and friendship between Austria and the French Empire, much like prior alliances between the Austrian and French Royal family. Marie Louise agreed to the marriage despite being raised to despise France. She bore Napoleon a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II. Marie Louise's son was later titled Duke of Reichstadt.

Napoleon's fortunes changed dramatically in 1812 after his failed invasion of Russia. The European powers, including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Napoleon and his exile to Elba. The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau gave the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Marie Louise, who ruled the duchies until her death.

Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's death in 1821. Her second husband was Count Adam Albert von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met in 1814. She and Neipperg had three children: Albertine, William Albert, and Mathilde. Neipperg died in 1829. Marie Louise married Count Charles-René de Bombelles, her chamberlain, in 1834. She died in Parma in 1847.

Läs mer...